1 Mawu Oyamba
Zopangira thovu zofewa za polyurethane makamaka zimaphatikizira chipika, chosalekeza, siponji, thovu lolimba kwambiri (HR), thovu lodzipaka pakhungu, thovu lokhazikika pang'onopang'ono, thovu la microcellular ndi thovu lolimba lomwe limatengera mphamvu.Chithovu chamtunduwu chimakhalabe pafupifupi 50% yazinthu zonse za polyurethane.Mitundu yayikulu yokhala ndi ntchito yokulirakulira, yakhala ikuchita nawo magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma chadziko: zida zapakhomo, magalimoto, kukonza nyumba, mipando, masitima apamtunda, zombo, mlengalenga ndi zina zambiri.Chiyambireni chithovu chofewa cha PU m'zaka za m'ma 1950, makamaka titalowa m'zaka za zana la 21, pakhala kudumphadumpha muukadaulo, zosiyanasiyana komanso zotulutsa.Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi: zachilengedwe PU zofewa thovu, ndicho wobiriwira polyurethane mankhwala;otsika VOC mtengo PU zofewa thovu;otsika atomization PU zofewa thovu;madzi okwanira PU chithovu chofewa;zonse MDI mndandanda zofewa thovu;lawi retardant, utsi wochepa, zonse MDI mndandanda Foam;mitundu yatsopano ya zowonjezera monga zolimbitsa thupi zolemera kwambiri za maselo, zolimbitsa thupi, zoletsa moto ndi antioxidants;polyols ndi otsika unsaturation ndi otsika monoal okhutira;kopitilira muyeso-otsika kachulukidwe PU zofewa thovu ndi zabwino thupi katundu;otsika resonance pafupipafupi, otsika kutengerapo PU zofewa thovu;polycarbonate diol, polye-caprolactone polyol, polybutadiene diol, polytetrahydrofuran ndi ma polyols ena apadera;ukadaulo wamadzimadzi wa CO2 wotulutsa thobvu, ukadaulo woyipa wotulutsa thobvu, etc..Mwachidule, kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ndi matekinoloje atsopano kwalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo kwa thovu lofewa la PU.
2 Mfundo yotulutsa thovu
Kuti mupange thovu lofewa la PU lomwe limakwaniritsa zofunikira, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mfundo zamakina amtundu wa thovu kuti musankhe zida zazikulu ndi zothandizira zopangira ndi njira zopangira.Kukula kwa mafakitale a polyurethane mpaka lero sikulinso mu siteji yotsanzira, koma malinga ndi zofunikira za ntchito yomaliza, zingatheke kupyolera mwa mapangidwe a zipangizo ndi njira zopangira.thovu polyurethane nawo kusintha kwa mankhwala pa kaphatikizidwe ndondomeko, ndi zinthu zimakhudza structural katundu thovu ndi zovuta, amene osati kumakhudza anachitapo mankhwala pakati isocyanate, polyether (ester) mowa ndi madzi, komanso kumakhudza chemistry colloid wa thovu. .Zochita zamakemikolo zimaphatikizira kukulitsa unyolo, kuchita thovu ndi kulumikizana.Zimakhudzanso kapangidwe kake, magwiridwe antchito ndi kulemera kwazinthu zomwe zimagwira nawo ntchito.Zomwe zimachitika pakuphatikizika kwa thovu la polyurethane zitha kuwonetsedwa ndi njira iyi:
9b0722b7780190d3928a2b8aa99b1224.jpg
Komabe, zochitika zenizeni ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo mayankho ofunikira amafupikitsidwa motere:
01 Kukula kwa Chain
Multifunctional isocyanates ndi polyether (ester) alcohols, makamaka difunctional mankhwala, unyolo kutambasuka ikuchitika motere:
07b0ec2de026c48dd018efaa5ccde5c1.jpg
M'machitidwe a thovu, kuchuluka kwa isocyanate nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa komwe kumakhala ndi haidrojeni, ndiye kuti, index yomwe imachita ndi yayikulu kuposa 1, nthawi zambiri 1.05, kotero kutha kwa unyolo wowonjezera womaliza mukuchita thovu. ayenera kukhala gulu la isocyanate
5ed385eebd04757bda026fcfb4da4961.jpg
Kuchulukitsa kwa unyolo ndiko kuchitapo kanthu kwakukulu kwa thovu la PU, ndipo ndiye chinsinsi cha zinthu zakuthupi: mphamvu zamakina, kuchuluka kwa kukula, kukhazikika, ndi zina zambiri.
02 Kuchita thovu
Kutulutsa thovu ndikofunikira kwambiri pokonza thovu zofewa, makamaka popanga zinthu zotsika kachulukidwe.Pali mitundu iwiri yotulutsa thovu: kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha komwe kumapangitsa kuti hydrocarboni yotentha kwambiri, monga HCFC-141b, HFC-134a, HFC-365mfc, cyclopentane, etc., kukwaniritsa thovu, ndi zina ndi ntchito madzi ndi isocyanate.Mankhwalawa amatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa CO2 umatulutsa thovu:
04d3b707849aaf9b1ee6f1b8d19c1ce7.jpg
Ngati palibe chothandizira, momwe madzi amachitira ndi isocyanates amachedwa.Mlingo wa ma amines ndi isocyanates ndiwothamanga kwambiri.Pachifukwa ichi, madzi akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thovu, amabweretsa chiwerengero chachikulu cha zigawo zolimba ndi mankhwala a urea okhala ndi polarity apamwamba, omwe amakhudza kumverera, kulimba mtima ndi kukana kutentha kwa zinthu za thovu.Kupanga chithovu chokhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zakuthupi komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kulemera kwa molekyulu ya polyether (ester) mowa ndi kufewa kwa unyolo waukulu.
03 Gel zochita
Gel reaction imatchedwanso cross-linking and curing reaction.Pochita thovu, gelation ndi yofunika kwambiri.Kuchedwetsa koyambirira kapena mochedwa kumapangitsa kuti zinthu za thovu zichepe kapena kukhala zotayidwa.Malo abwino kwambiri ndikuti kufalikira kwa unyolo, kutulutsa thovu ndi kachitidwe ka gel kumafika pamlingo, apo ayi kachulukidwe ka thovu kamakhala kokwezeka kwambiri kapena chithovu chidzagwa.
Pali zinthu zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu:
1) Ma gel osakaniza a multifunctional
Nthawi zambiri, zophatikiza zokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito opitilira atatu zimatha kuchitapo kanthu kupanga zopangapanga zathupi.Timagwiritsa ntchito polyether polyols ndi magwiridwe antchito oposa atatu popanga thovu losinthika la polyurethane.Posachedwapa, ma polyisocyanates okhala ndi fn ≥ 2.5 amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga machitidwe onse a MDI kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu yonyamula katundu wa thovu lochepa kwambiri.Awa ndi maziko a mapangidwe a magawo atatu olumikizirana:
42a37c3572152ae1f6c386b7bd177bf8.jpg
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kulemera kwa ma molekyulu pakati pa mfundo zolumikizirana mwachindunji kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa chithovu.Ndiko kunena kuti, kachulukidwe kameneka ndi kwakukulu, kuuma kwa mankhwalawa ndikwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yamakina ndi yabwino, koma kufewa kwa thovu kumakhala kovutirapo, kulimba mtima ndi kutalika kwake kumakhala kochepa.Kulemera kwa mamolekyulu (Mc) pakati pa malo olumikizirana ndi thovu lofewa ndi 2000-2500, ndipo thovu lolimba kwambiri lili pakati pa 700-2500.
2) Mapangidwe a urea
Madzi akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thovu, ma urea ogwirizana amapangidwa.Madzi ambiri, m'pamenenso urea zomangira.Adzachitanso ndi isocyanate yowonjezereka pa kutentha kwakukulu kuti apange mankhwala opangira biuret okhala ndi magawo atatu:
896b42df0d91543a61d1e68f91c1d829.jpg
3) Kupanga kwa allophanate Mtundu wina wolumikizana ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi yakuti haidrojeni pa unyolo waukulu wa urethane imakhudzidwanso ndi isocyanate yochulukirapo pa kutentha kwambiri kuti ipange chomangira cha allophanate chokhala ndi magawo atatu:
4a6fdae7620ef5333bd14c6973a26a37.jpg
Mapangidwe a mankhwala a biuret ndi mankhwala a allophanate si abwino kwa machitidwe a thovu chifukwa zinthu ziwirizi zimakhala ndi kutentha kosasunthika ndipo zimawola pa kutentha kwakukulu.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu aziwongolera kutentha ndi index ya isocyanate popanga
3 Kuwerengera kwa Chemical
Polyurethane synthetic material ndi polymer synthetic material yomwe imatha kupanga polima kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira mu sitepe imodzi, kutanthauza kuti, maonekedwe a zinthuzo akhoza kusinthidwa mwachindunji posintha mafotokozedwe ndi maonekedwe a zipangizo.Choncho, mmene molondola ntchito mfundo ya polima kaphatikizidwe ndi kukhazikitsa yosavuta mawerengedwe chilinganizo n'kofunika kwambiri kusintha khalidwe la polyurethane mankhwala.
01 Mtengo wofanana
Zomwe zimatchedwa mtengo wofanana (E) zimatanthawuza kulemera kwa maselo (Mn) ofanana ndi ntchito ya unit (f) mu molekyulu yamagulu;
2a931ca68a4ace0f036e02a38adee698.jpg
Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha kulemera kwa molekyulu ya polyether triol ndi 3000, ndiye mtengo wake wofanana:
e3295f1d515f5af4631209f7b49e1328.jpg
Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri cholumikizira MOCA, chomwe ndi 4,4'-methylene bis (2 chloroamine), chimakhala ndi ma molekyulu a 267. Ngakhale pali 4 yogwira ma hydrogen mu molekyulu, ma hydrogen 2 okha amatenga nawo gawo muzochita za isocyanate.atomu, kotero magwiridwe ake f=2
0618093a7188b53e5015fb4233ccdc9.jpg
Pazinthu zamtundu wa polyether kapena polyester polyol, kampani iliyonse imapereka deta ya hydroxyl value (OH), kotero ndizothandiza kwambiri kuwerengera mtengo wofanana ndi mtengo wa hydroxyl:
8a7763766e4db49fece768a325b29a61.jpg
Ndikoyenera kukumbutsani kuti kuyeza kwenikweni kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi nthawi yambiri, ndipo pali zambiri zomwe zimachitika.Nthawi zambiri, magwiridwe antchito a triol polyether (ester) safanana ndi 3, koma ali pakati pa 2.7 ndi 2.8.Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito (2) chilinganizo, ndiko kuti, mtengo wa hydroxyl umawerengedwanso!
02 Zofunikira za isocyanate
Mankhwala onse a haidrojeni amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi isocyanate.Malinga ndi mfundo yofananira, ndizofala mu kaphatikizidwe ka PU kuwerengera molondola kuchuluka kwa isocyanate yomwe imadyedwa ndi gawo lililonse mu formula:
a63972fdc4f16025842815cb1d008cfe.jpg
Mwachidule: Ws - kuchuluka kwa isocyanate
Wp - polyether kapena polyester mlingo
Ep - polyether kapena polyester yofanana
Es-Isocyanate yofanana
Chiŵerengero cha molar cha I2—NCO/-OH, ndiko kuti, index reaction
ρS-kuyera kwa isocyanate
Monga tonse tikudziwa, popanga prepolymer kapena semi-prepolymer ndi mtengo wina wa NCO, kuchuluka kwa isocyanate komwe kumafunikira kumakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa polyether ndi NCO zomwe zimafunikira ndi prepolymer yomaliza.Pambuyo pofotokoza mwachidule:
83456fb6214840b23296d5ff084c4ab8.jpg
Mu chilinganizo: D--gawo lalikulu la gulu la NCO mu prepolymer
42—— Mtengo wofanana wa NCO
Masiku ano, ma foam amtundu wa MDI, polyether-modified MDI yolemera kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma semi-prepolymers, ndipo NCO% yake ili pakati pa 25 ndi 29%, motero formula (4) ndiyothandiza kwambiri.
Njira yowerengera kulemera kwa ma molekyulu pakati pa mfundo zolumikizirana zolumikizana ndi kachulukidwe ka ulalo womwe uli wothandiza kwambiri popanga ma formulations.Kaya ndi elastomer kapena thovu lolimba kwambiri, kukhazikika kwake kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa njira yolumikizirana:
b9fd1ca1ee9bebc558731d065ac3254b.jpg
Mnjira: Mnc——chiwerengero-chiwerengero cha kulemera kwa molekyulu pakati pa mfundo zolumikizirana
Mwachitsanzo—— Mtengo wofanana wa wothandizira wolumikizira
Wg——Kuchuluka kwa wolumikizira
WV - kuchuluka kwa prepolymer
D——NCO zili
4 zopangira
Zida za polyurethane zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: mankhwala a polyol, mankhwala a polyisocyanate ndi zowonjezera.Pakati pawo, ma polyols ndi polyisocyanates ndizinthu zazikulu zopangira polyurethane, ndipo othandizira ndi mankhwala omwe amawonjezera zinthu zapadera za polyurethane.
Mankhwala onse okhala ndi magulu a hydroxyl omwe amapangidwa ndi organic polyol compounds.Zina mwa izo, zithovu ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi polyether polyols ndi polyester polyols.
gulu la polyol
Polyether polyol
Ndi oligomeric pawiri ndi pafupifupi molekyulu kulemera kwa 1000 ~ 7000, amene zochokera zipangizo za makampani petrochemical: propylene okusayidi ndi ethylene oxide, ndi awiri ndi atatu zinchito hydrogen munali mankhwala ntchito monga intiators, ndipo catalyzed ndi polymerized ndi KOH..
Nthawi zambiri, kulemera kwa mamolekyu a polyether polyether polyol yofewa imakhala pakati pa 1500 ~ 3000, ndipo mtengo wa hydroxyl uli pakati pa 56 ~ 110mgKOH/g.Kulemera kwa molekyulu ya polyether polyether polyol yolimba kwambiri ndi pakati pa 4500 ndi 8000, ndipo mtengo wa hydroxyl uli pakati pa 21 ndi 36 mgKOH/g.
Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti mitundu ingapo ikuluikulu ya polyether polyols yomwe yangopangidwa kumene m'zaka zaposachedwa ndiyothandiza kwambiri kukonza mawonekedwe a thovu losinthika la polyurethane ndikuchepetsa kachulukidwe.
l Polymer-grafted polyether polyol (POP), yomwe imatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yonyamula katundu wa PU yofewa thovu, kuchepetsa kachulukidwe, kuwonjezera digiri yotsegulira, ndikuletsa kuchepa.Mlingo ukuwonjezekanso tsiku ndi tsiku
l Polyether polyether polyol (PHD): Ntchito ya polyether ndi yofanana ndi polymer polyether polyol, yomwe imatha kusintha kuuma, kubereka mphamvu, ndikulimbikitsa kutsegula kwa thovu.Kukana kwa lawi kumawonjezeka, ndipo chithovu cha MDI chimadzizimitsa chokha ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe.l Kuyaka kalasi polima poliyetha polyol: Ndi nayitrogeni munali onunkhira hydrocarbon polima kumtengowo poliyesitha polyol, amene sangakhoze kusintha katundu wonyamula, lotseguka-selo, kuuma ndi makhalidwe ena a thovu mankhwala, komanso kupanga PU mpando cushions synthesized kuchokera kwa izo.Ili ndi kutentha kwa moto: chiwerengero cha okosijeni ndi 28% kapena kuposerapo, utsi wochepa wa utsi ≤60%, ndi kutsika kwamoto kufalikira mofulumira.Ndizinthu zabwino kwambiri zamagalimoto, masitima apamtunda ndi mipando kupanga ma cushion
l Low unsaturation polyether polyol: Popeza imagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ziwiri za cyanide (DMC) monga chothandizira, zomwe zili ndi zomangira ziwiri zopanda unsaturated mu polyether yopangidwa ndi zosakwana 0.010mol/mg, ndiye kuti, ili ndi monool The low pawiri, ndiko kuti, chiyero chachikulu, kumabweretsa kulimba mtima komanso kupsinjika kwa seti ya HR thovu lopangidwa potengera izo, komanso mphamvu yabwino yong'ambika ndi indentation factor.Mafupipafupi otsika a resonance, 6Hz low transmission rate car seat cushion thovu ndiabwino kwambiri.
L Hydrogenated polybutadiene glycol, polyol izi posachedwapa ntchito PU thovu mankhwala kunja kwambiri kusintha katundu thupi thovu, makamaka kukana nyengo, chinyezi ndi kutentha kukana psinjika anapereka ndi mavuto ena kwa zaka zambiri, kotero kuti mpando galimoto khushoni etc. amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera otentha a Africa.
l Polyether polyols ndi mkulu ethylene okusayidi okhutira, zambiri mkulu-ntchito polyether polyols, kuti apititse patsogolo reactivity wa polyethers, kuwonjezera 15 ~ 20% EO mpaka mapeto pa kaphatikizidwe.Ma polyeters omwe ali pamwambapa ndi okhutira ndi EO mpaka 80%, PO zili m'malo mwake, ndizotsika kuposa 40%.Ndilo chinsinsi cha chitukuko cha mitundu yonse ya MDI PU thovu zofewa, zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito.
l Ma polyether polyol okhala ndi ntchito yothandiza: makamaka yambitsani magulu apamwamba amine okhala ndi zida zothandizira kapena ayoni achitsulo pamapangidwe a polyether.Cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chothandizira pakupanga thovu, kuchepetsa mtengo wa VOC komanso kutsika kwa atomization yazinthu za thovu.
l Amino-kuthetsedwa poliyesi polyol: poliyesiyu ali ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri chothandizira, nthawi yochepa anachita, mofulumira demoulding, ndi bwino kwambiri mankhwala mphamvu (makamaka oyambirira mphamvu), nkhungu kumasulidwa, kukana kutentha, ndi kukana zosungunulira., kutentha kwa zomangamanga kumachepetsedwa, kukula kwake kumakulitsidwa, ndipo ndi mitundu yatsopano yodalirika.
polyester polyol
Ma polyester oyambilira onse amatanthawuza ma polyester polyester polyols adipic acid, ndipo msika waukulu kwambiri ndi thovu la microcellular, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato.M'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yatsopano yawoneka imodzi ndi inzake, kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito polyester polyols mu PUF.
l Aromatic dicarboxylic acid-modified adipic acid-based polyester polyol: makamaka synthesizing polyester polyol pochotsa pang'ono asidi adipic ndi phthalic acid kapena terephthalic acid, zomwe zingapangitse mphamvu yoyambirira ya mankhwala ndikuwongolera kukana chinyezi ndi kuuma, ndikuchepetsa mtengo. pa
l Polycarbonate polyol: Mtundu uwu wa mankhwala akhoza kwambiri kusintha hydrolysis kukana, nyengo kukana, kutentha kukana ndi kuuma kwa thovu mankhwala, ndipo ndi zosiyanasiyana zingamuthandize.
l Poly ε-caprolactone polyol: thovu la PU lopangidwa kuchokera pamenepo limakana kutentha kwambiri, kukana kwa hydrolysis ndi kukana abrasion, ndipo zinthu zina zogwira ntchito kwambiri ziyenera kupangidwa kuchokera pamenepo.
l Onunkhira poliyesitala polyol: Anapangidwa ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kokwanira kwa zinthu zonyansa za polyester koyambirira, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu thovu lolimba la PU.Tsopano ikulitsidwa ku thovu lofewa la PU, lomwe ndiloyeneranso chidwi
Zina Zophatikiza zilizonse zokhala ndi haidrojeni yogwira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku PUF.Malinga ndi kusintha kwa msika komanso zofunikira pachitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zinthu zakumidzi ndikupanga thovu lofewa la PU losawonongeka.
l Ma polyols opangidwa ndi mafuta a Castor: Zinthuzi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ku PUF, ndipo zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera kumafuta osasinthika osasinthika kuti apange thovu lolimba.Ndikupangira kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa transesterification, ndipo ma alcohols osiyanasiyana olemera kwambiri amaselo amalowetsedwa mumafuta a castor kuti apange mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.
Zotuluka, zitha kupangidwa kukhala PUF yofewa komanso yolimba.
l Ma polyols amtundu wamafuta amasamba: Zomwe zakhudzidwa posachedwa ndi mitengo yamafuta, zinthu zotere zakula mwachangu.Pakalipano, zinthu zambiri zomwe zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira ndi mafuta a soya ndi mafuta a kanjedza, ndipo mafuta a thonje kapena mafuta anyama amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zingapo, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mozama, kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso kuwononga zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe. .
polyisocyanate
Mitundu iwiri ya isocyanates, TDI ndi MDI, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu losinthika la polyurethane, ndipo ma hybrids opangidwa ndi TDI/MDI amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pagulu la HR.Chifukwa cha chitetezo cha chilengedwe, makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi zofunikira zochepa kwambiri pamtengo wa VOC wazinthu za thovu.Chifukwa chake, zinthu zosinthidwa za MDI, MDI zopanda pake ndi MDI zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu thovu lofewa la PU ngati zinthu zazikulu zofewa za PU.
gulu la polyol
Liquefied MDI
Koyera 4,4'-MDI ndi olimba kutentha firiji.Zomwe zimatchedwa Liquefied MDI zimatanthawuza MDI yomwe yasinthidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo imakhala yamadzimadzi kutentha.Magwiridwe a Liquefied MDI angagwiritsidwe ntchito kumvetsetsa kuti ndi gulu liti la MDI losinthidwa.
l MDI yosinthidwa ndi urethane yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito a 2.0;
l Carbodiimide-modified MDI ndi ntchito ya 2.0;
l MDI yosinthidwa ndi diazetacyclobutanone imine, ntchitoyo ndi 2.2;
l MDI yosinthidwa ndi urethane ndi diazetidinimine ndi magwiridwe antchito a 2.1.
Zambiri mwazinthuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zoumbidwa monga HR, RIM, thovu lodzitchinjiriza, ndi thovu laling'ono monga nsonga za nsapato.
MDI-50
Ndi kuphatikiza kwa 4,4'-MDI ndi 2,4'-MDI.Popeza malo osungunuka a 2,4'-MDI ndi otsika kuposa kutentha kwa chipinda, pafupifupi 15 ° C, MDI-50 ndi madzi omwe amasungidwa kutentha kutentha ndipo ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.Samalani ku steric cholepheretsa zotsatira za 2,4'-MDI, zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa thupi la 4,4 'ndipo zimatha kusinthidwa ndi chothandizira.
Coarse MDI kapena PAPI
Kugwira kwake kuli pakati pa 2.5 ndi 2.8, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thovu lolimba.M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha zinthu zamtengo wapatali, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamsika wofewa wa thovu, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti chifukwa cha ntchito zake zapamwamba, m'pofunika kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kugwirizana pakati pa mapangidwe a formula.Othandizira olowa, kapena onjezani plasticizer yamkati.
Wothandizira
chothandizira
Chothandiziracho chimakhudza kwambiri chithovu cha polyurethane, ndipo ndi icho, kupanga mofulumira kutentha kwa firiji kungapezeke.Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya catalysts: tertiary amines ndi catalysts zitsulo, monga triethylenediamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, methylimidazole, A-1, etc., onse ali a tertiary amine catalysts, pamene stannous octoate, diethylene diamine diamine, etc. , potaziyamu octoate, organic bismuth, etc. ndi zitsulo chothandizira.Pakalipano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochedwa, trimerization-type, complex-type ndi low-VOC value-type catalysts apangidwa, zomwe zimachokera ku mitundu yomwe ili pamwambayi.
Mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa Dabco wamakampani opanga gasi, zopangira zoyambira ndi triethylenediamine:
L Dabco33LV lili 33% triethylenediamine/67% dipropylene glycol
l Dabco R8020 Triethylenediamine ili ndi 20%/DMEA80%
l Dabco S25 triethylenediamine lili 25%/butanediol 75%
l Dabco8154 triethylenediamine/acid yochedwa chothandizira
Dabco EG Triethylenediamine ili ndi 33% / Ethylene Glycol 67%
l Dabco TMR mndandanda trimerization
l Dabco 8264 Compound Bubbles, Zothandizira Zoyenera
l Dabco XDM chothandizira chochepa cha fungo
Pansi pa chikhalidwe cha catalysts angapo, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsa makhalidwe a catalysts zosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo zawo ntchito kupeza bwino dongosolo polyurethane, ndiko kuti, bwino pakati thobvu liwiro ndi gelation liwiro;Kukhazikika pakati pa liwiro la gelation ndi kuthamanga kwa thovu, komanso kuthamanga kwa thovu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamadzimadzi, ndi zina zambiri.
Zothandizira zitsulo zonse ndizothandizira zamtundu wa gel.Zothandizira zamtundu wa tini zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya gel osakaniza, koma kuipa kwake ndikuti sikugonjetsedwa ndi hydrolysis ndipo zimakhala ndi kukalamba kosauka kwa kutentha.Kutuluka kwaposachedwa kwa organic bismuth catalysts kuyenera kukopa chidwi.Sikuti ali ndi ntchito ya malata chothandizira, komanso ali wabwino hydrolysis kukana ndi kutentha kukana kukalamba, amene ali abwino kwambiri pophatikiza zipangizo.
thovu stabilizer
Imagwira ntchito ya emulsifying thovu zakuthupi, kukhazikika kwa thovu ndi kusintha khungu, ndikuwonjezera kusungunuka kwa gawo lililonse, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga thovu, kuwongolera kukula ndi kufanana kwa selo, ndikulimbikitsa kusungunuka kwa chigawo chilichonse. mphamvu ya thovu.Makoma ndi zotanuka kusunga maselo ndi kupewa kugwa.Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa thovu stabilizer ndikochepa, kumakhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe a cell, mawonekedwe akuthupi komanso kupanga kwa thovu losinthika la PU.
Pakadali pano, ma oligomers osagwirizana ndi hydrolysis / polyoxyalkylene ether block oligomers amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China.Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe osiyanasiyana a thovu, chiŵerengero cha gawo la hydrophobic / hydrophilic gawo ndi chosiyana, ndipo kusintha kwa unyolo wa unyolo kumapeto kwa chipika cha block ndi kosiyana., kupanga ma silicon stabilizer pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za thovu.Choncho, posankha stabilizer ya thovu, muyenera kumvetsetsa ntchito ndi ntchito yake, musaiwale, musagwiritse ntchito mopanda tsankho, ndipo mumayambitsa zotsatirapo zoipa.Mwachitsanzo, mafuta a silikoni ofewa a thovu sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pa thovu lolimba kwambiri, apo ayi angachititse thovu kufota, ndipo mafuta a silikoni olimba kwambiri sangapake kuti atseke chithovu chofewa, apo ayi angachititse thovu kugwa.
Chifukwa cha zosowa zachitetezo cha chilengedwe, mafakitale amagalimoto ndi mipando amafunikira zinthu zokhala ndi ma atomization otsika komanso mtengo wotsika wa VOC.Makampani osiyanasiyana apanga motsatira ma atomization otsika komanso otsika kwambiri a VOC, monga Dabco DC6070 yoyambitsidwa ndi Gas Products Company, yomwe ndi mafuta otsika a silicone a atomization a TDI system.;Dabco DC2525 ndi otsika chifunga silikoni mafuta kachitidwe MDI.
wotulutsa thovu
Chithovu chofewa cha PU chimakhala madzi, ophatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zotulutsa thovu.Popanga thovu la block, poganizira kuchuluka kwa madzi muzinthu zosalimba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kupitilira magawo 4.5 pa magawo 100 kumapangitsa kutentha kwamkati kwa thovu kukwera, kupitilira 170 ~ 180 ° C, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyaka kwamoto modzidzimutsa. thovu, ndi chotsitsa chochepa cha hydrocarbon foaming chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Imodzi imathandizira kuchepetsa kachulukidwe, ndipo ina imachotsa kutentha kwakukulu.M'masiku oyambirira, kuphatikiza kwa madzi / F11 kunagwiritsidwa ntchito.Chifukwa cha chitetezo cha chilengedwe, F11 idaletsedwa.Pakalipano, zinthu zambiri zosinthira madzi / dichloromethane mndandanda wamadzi / HCFC-141b amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Chifukwa mankhwala a dichloromethane angapo amawononganso mlengalenga, ndi chikhalidwe chosinthika, pomwe zinthu za HFC: HFC-245fa, -356mfc, etc. kapena mankhwala a cyclopentane onse ndi okonda chilengedwe, koma akale ndi okwera mtengo ndipo omaliza amatha kuyaka, kotero Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunika kuchepetsa kutentha, anthu anayambitsa njira zatsopano, zoipa kuthamanga thovu luso, anakakamizika kuzirala luso ndi madzi CO2 luso kuthetsa vutoli, cholinga ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi kapena kuchepetsa kutentha mkati. cha fumbi.
Ndikupangira ukadaulo wamadzimadzi wa CO2 wopangira ma thovu a block, omwe ndi oyenera mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati.Muukadaulo wa LCO2, magawo anayi a LCO2 ndi ofanana ndi magawo 13 a MC.Ubale pakati pa kumwa madzi ndi CO2 yamadzimadzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thovu lamitundu yosiyanasiyana Kachulukidwe ka thovu, madzi okwanira kg/m3, magawo ndi misa LCO2, mbali ndi MC yofanana ndi MC, magawo ndi misa.
13.34.86.520.0
15.24.55.015.3
16.04.54.012.3
17.33.94.313.1
27.72.52.06.2
choletsa moto
Kuzimitsa moto ndi kuteteza moto ndi nkhawa za anthu nthawi zonse.dziko langa "Zofunika ndi Miyezo ya Kuyaka Magwiridwe a Flame Retardant Products and Components in Public Places" GB20286-2006 ili ndi zofunikira zatsopano pakuchepetsa kwamoto.Kwa giredi 1 yopumira thovu lalawi: a), kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ≤ 250KW/m2;b), pafupifupi nthawi yoyaka ≤ 30s, kutalika kwapakati kuyaka ≤ 250mm;c), kuchuluka kwa utsi (SDR) ≤ 75;d), kusuta kawopsedwe kalasi Osachepera 2A2 mulingo
Ndiko kunena kuti: zinthu zitatu ziyenera kuganiziridwa: kuchepetsa moto, utsi wochepa, ndi utsi wochepa wa utsi.Pofuna kuyika patsogolo zofunikira pakusankhidwa kwa oletsa moto, malinga ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi, ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi bwino kusankha mitundu yomwe ingapangitse mpweya wambiri wa carbon ndikutulutsa utsi wopanda poizoni kapena wochepa.Pakali pano, ndi bwino ntchito phosphate ester ofotokoza mkulu maselo kulemera retardants lawi, kapena halogen wopanda onunkhira hydrocarbons ndi kutentha kukana heterocyclic mitundu, etc. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko akunja kukodzedwa graphite lawi retardant PU flexible thovu, kapena nitrogen heterocyclic flame retardant Mankhwalawa ndi olondola.
zina
Zowonjezera zina makamaka zikuphatikizapo: otsegula pore, othandizira ogwirizanitsa, antioxidants, anti-fogging agents, etc. Posankha, mphamvu ya zowonjezera pa ntchito ya PU iyenera kuganiziridwa, komanso poizoni wake, kusamuka, kugwirizana, ndi zina zotero. funso.
5 mankhwala
Kuti mumvetsetse bwino mgwirizano pakati pa chilinganizo ndi magwiridwe antchito a thovu lofewa la PU, zitsanzo zingapo zoyimira zimayambitsidwa kuti zifotokozedwe:
1. Chitsanzo chilinganizo ndi katundu chipika polyether PU thovu zofewa
Polyether triol 100pbw TDI80/20 46.0pbw Organotin chothandizira 0.4pbw Tertiary amine chothandizira 0.2pbw Silicon foam stabilizer 1.0pbw Madzi 3.6pbw Co-foaming agent 0 ~ 12pbm 2 kbm 2 3 Kukula, % 220 misozi mphamvu, N/mamita 385 psinjika anapereka, 50% 6 90% 6 Cavitation katundu, makilogalamu (38cm×35.6cm×10cm) Mapindikidwe 25% 13.6 65% 25.6 Kugwa mpira rebound,% 38 M'zaka zaposachedwapa, pofuna kukumana ndi zosowa za msika, mabizinesi ena nthawi zambiri amatulutsa thovu lochepa kwambiri (10kg/m3).Popanga chithovu chotsika kwambiri, sikungowonjezera thovu ndi wothandizira thovu.Zomwe zingatheke ziyeneranso kufananizidwa ndi silicon yokhazikika kwambiri komanso chothandizira.
Kupanga kachulukidwe ka thovu kocheperako kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri: dzina lapakati-kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri kachulukidwe kwambiri
Bokosi mosalekeza bokosi polyether polyol 100100100100100 Madzi 3.03.04.55.56.6 A-33 chothandizira 0.20.20.20.250.18 Silicon surfactant B-81101.01.9301.01.9300. 60.40 Wothandizira 7.57.512.515.034.0 TDI80/2041.444.056.073 .0103.0 Kachulukidwe, kg/m3 23.023.016.514.08.0
Chithovu cha Cylindrical foam formula: EO/PO mtundu wa polyether polyol (OH:56) 100pbw Madzi 6.43pbw MC foaming agent 52.5pbw Silicon surfactant L-628 6.50pbw Catalyst A230 0.44pbw8 D10p90 index D10 0.44pbw DI1000 D10p9 T100 D10p9. sage 139pbw Kachulukidwe ka thovu, kg/m3 7.5
2. Zamadzimadzi CO2 co-foaming wothandizira kupanga thovu otsika kachulukidwe thovu
Polyether triol (Mn3000) 100 100 Madzi 4.9 5.2 Madzi amadzimadzi CO2 2.5 3.3 Silicone surfactant L631 1.5 1.75 B8404 Amine chothandizira A133 0.28 0.30 Stannous14 Flame 14 retarda DE0Fda 80/20 Kachulukidwe thovu , kg/m3 16 16
The chilinganizo mmenemo ndi motere: Polyether triol (Mn3000) 100pbw Madzi 4.0pbw LCO2 4.0 ~ 5.5pbw Catalyst A33 0.25pbw Silicon surfactant SC155 1.35pbw Stannous octoate D0p3 kg19b0 mDI index de D0p3 / 2 Fom Tw0. 14.0-16.5
3. Full MDI otsika osalimba polyurethane thovu zofewa
Chithovu chofewa cha PU chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma cushions ampando wamagalimoto.Kuchepetsa kachulukidwe popanda kukhudza thupi ndi cholinga cha chitukuko
Fomula: Polyether yapamwamba (OH: 26 ~ 30mgKOH / g) 80pbw Polymer polymer (OH: 23 ~ 27mgKOH / g) 20pbw Crosslinking agent 0 ~ 3pbw Madzi 4.0pbw Amine chothandizira A-33 2.8pbw silicone mafuta Apamwamba 1 ntchito ya 1 ya silicone B0. pbw MDI index 90pbw Magwiridwe: Foam pakati kachulukidwe 34.5kg/m3 Kuuma ILD25% 15.0kg/314cm2 Kugwetsa mphamvu 0.8kg/cm Kulimba mphamvu 1.34kg/cm2 Elongation 120% Rebound mlingo 62% Permanent compression set.0 (Dry) 13.5%
4. Low osalimba, zonse MDI chilengedwe-wochezeka galimoto mpando khushoni
The homologue ya MDI koyera: M50-ndiko kuti, mankhwala a 4,4'MDI 50% 2,4'MDI 50%, akhoza thovu kutentha firiji, kusintha fluidity, kuchepetsa kachulukidwe mankhwala, ndi kuchepetsa galimoto kulemera, zolonjeza kwambiri.Chogulitsa:
Kupanga: High yogwira polyether polyol (OH: 28mgKOH/g) 95pbw 310 Wothandizira* 5pbw Dabco 33LV 0.3pbw Dabco 8154 0.7pbw Silicon surfactant B4113 0.6pbw 310 Wothandizira* 5pbw Dabco 33LV 0.3pbw Dabco 8154 0.7pbw Silicon surfactant B4113 0.6pbw 30pbw 30pwb0 Mwb0 Waters 8
Katundu wathupi: Nthawi yojambulira (s) 62 Nthawi yokwera (s) 98 Kuchulukana kwa thovu kwaulere, kg/m3 32.7 Kupatuka kwa katundu woponderezedwa, kpa: 40% 1.5 Elongation, % 180 Mphamvu yamisozi, N/m 220
Chidziwitso: *310 Wothandizira: Ndimagulitsa, ndi chowonjezera chapadera.
5. High kulimba, omasuka kukwera PU thovu
Posachedwa, msika udafuna kuti mawonekedwe amipando ya thovu azikhala osasinthika, koma anthu sangatope komanso kudwala matenda oyenda pamipando yapamwamba pambuyo poyendetsa kwanthawi yayitali.Pambuyo pofufuza, ziwalo zamkati mwa thupi la munthu, makamaka m'mimba, zimakhala ndi maulendo ozungulira 6Hz.Ngati resonance ichitika, imayambitsa nseru ndi kusanza
Nthawi zambiri, kugwedezeka kwa chithovu cholimba kwambiri pa 6Hz ndi 1.1 ~ 1.3, ndiye kuti, galimoto ikathamanga, simafowoka koma imawonjezeka, ndipo zinthu zina za fomula zimatha kuchepetsa kugwedezeka mpaka 0.8~0.9.Mapangidwe azinthu akulimbikitsidwa tsopano, ndipo kufalikira kwake kwa 6Hz kuli pamlingo wa 0.5~0.55.
Kupanga: Chothandizira chapamwamba cha polyether polyether (Mn6000) 100pbw Silicon surfactant SRX-274C 1.0pbw Chothandizira chapamwamba cha amine, Minico L-1020 0.4pbw Chothandizira chapamwamba cha amine, Minico TMDA 0.15 TMDA 0.15ply6wp %) INDEX 100
Thupi katundu: Kachulukidwe chonse, kg/m3 48.0 25% ILD, kg/314cm2 19.9 Rebound, % 74 50% psinjika
Shrinkage Strength, (Youma) 1.9 (Yonyowa) 2.5 6Hz Vibration Transmittance 0.55
6. Slow rebound kapena viscoelastic thovu
Chotchedwa PU foam yobwerera pang'onopang'ono imatanthawuza chithovu chomwe sichimabwezeretsedwa ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira chithovucho chikapunthwa ndi mphamvu yakunja, koma imabwezeretsedwa pang'onopang'ono popanda kupunduka kotsalira pamwamba.Ili ndi ma cushioning abwino kwambiri, kutsekereza mawu, kusindikiza ndi zina.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera phokoso la injini zamagalimoto, kuchirikiza kapeti, zoseweretsa za ana ndi mapilo azachipatala.
Chitsanzo chilinganizo: High ntchito polyether (OH34) 40 ~ 60pbw Polima poliyetera (OH28) 60~40 pbw Cross-zomatira ZY-108 * 80 ~ 100 pbw L-580 1.5 pbw Chothandizira 1.8 ~ 2.5 pbw ~ 2. Watercy2 p. * 1.05 pbw Zindikirani: *ZY-108, pawiri wa multifunctional otsika molecular kulemera polyether ** PM-200, osakaniza a liquefied MDI-100, onse ndi Wanhua katundu Katundu: thovu kachulukidwe, kg/ m3 150 ~ 165 Kuuma, Shore A 18~15 Kugwetsa mphamvu, kN/m 0.87 ~ 0.76 Elongation, % 90 ~ 130 Rebound mlingo, % 9 ~ 7 Kuchira nthawi, masekondi 7 ~ 10
7. Polyether mtundu kudzikonda khungu microcellular thovu kugonjetsedwa ndi flex kutopa nthawi miliyoni
Chithovucho chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazitsulo za PU ndi mawilo owongolera
Chitsanzo: DaltocelF-435 31.64 pbw Arcol34-28 10.0 pbw DaltocelF-481 44.72 pbw Arcol2580 3.0 pbw 二醇6.0 pbw 催1Dab8 pwb 0 027 0.3 pbw 硅表面活性剂DC-193 0.3 pbw L1 412T 1.5 pbw Madzi 0.44 pbw Zosinthidwa MDI Suprasec2433 71 pbw
Zathupi: Kuchulukana kwa thovu: pafupifupi 0.5g∕cm3 β-belt kupotokola, KCS 35~50, zabwino kwambiri
8. Kutentha kwamoto, utsi wochepa, thovu lolimba kwambiri
Chifukwa cha chitukuko chofulumira cha chuma cha dziko, madipatimenti osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba za kuchedwa kwa zinthu za thovu, makamaka ndege, magalimoto, magalimoto othamanga kwambiri, ndi sofa zapakhomo, ndi zina zotero.
Poganizira zomwe zili pamwambazi, wolembayo ndi anzake apanga kalasi yowonongeka ndi moto (oxygen index 28 ~ 30%), yomwe imakhala ndi utsi wochepa kwambiri (mtengo wapadziko lonse ndi 74, ndipo mankhwalawa ndi pafupifupi 50), ndipo kuphulika kwa thovu kumakhalabe kosasintha.Amatulutsa utsi woyera.
Chitsanzo chilinganizo: YB-3081 flame retardant polyether 50 pbw High ntchito polyether (OH34) 50 pbw Silicone surfactant B 8681 0.8 ~ 1.0 pbw Madzi 2.4~2.6 pbw DEOA 1.5~3 pbw Chothandizira 1.~1.0 5 isosokiti A.
Katundu wakuthupi: Kuchuluka kwa thovu, kg/m3 ≥50 Mphamvu yopondereza, kPa 5.5 Kulimba kwamphamvu, kPa 124 Rebound rate, % ≥60 Compression deformation, 75% ≤8 Oxygen index, OI% ≥ 28 Utsi wosalimba ≤50
9. Madzi ndi omwe amachititsa thovu, zonse zachilengedwe ndi thovu lodziteteza pakhungu
HCFC-141b yotulutsa thovu yaletsedwa m'maiko akunja.CP yotulutsa thovu imatha kuyaka.HFC-245fa ndi HFC-365mfc yotulutsa thovu ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yosavomerezeka.Chithovu chachikopa.M'mbuyomu, ogwira ntchito ku PU kunyumba ndi kunja adangoganizira za kusinthidwa kwa polyether ndi isocyanate, kotero kuti chithovucho sichinali chodziwika bwino komanso kachulukidwe ake anali okwera.
Ma formula akulimbikitsidwa tsopano, omwe amadziwika ndi:
l Zoyambira za polyether polyol sizisintha, ndipo wamba Mn5000 kapena 6000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito.·
l The isocyanate imakhalabe yosasinthika, C-MDI, PAPI kapena MDI yosinthidwa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
l Gwiritsani ntchito zowonjezera zapadera za SH-140 kuti muthetse vutoli.·
Fomula yoyambira:
l High ntchito polyether triol Mn5000 65pbw
l SH-140* 35pbw
l Chain extender: 1,4-butanediol 5pbw
l Cross-linking wothandizira: glycerol 1.7pbw
l Wotsegulira: K-6530 0.2 ~ 0.5pbw
l Chothandizira A-2 1.2 ~ 1.3pbw
l Mtundu phala kuchuluka koyenera l Madzi 0.5pbw
ndi MR-200 45pbw
Chidziwitso: *SH-140 ndi katundu wathu
Thupi katundu: kachulukidwe chonse cha thovu ndi 340 ~ 350kg/m3
Zogulitsa: yosalala pamwamba, kutumphuka bwino, otsika osalimba.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-12-2022